air stress: The pressure exerted by the burden of air molecules.
ash: (in geology) Small, light-weight fragments of rock and glass spewed by volcanic eruptions. (in biology) A bunch of deciduous bushes within the olive household which might be standard in landscaping and for timber.
bladder: A versatile bag-like construction for holding liquids or gases.
caldera: A crater shaped when a central a part of a volcano collapses or by extraordinarily forceful explosions.
compression: Urgent on a number of sides of one thing so as to scale back its quantity.
crater: A big, bowl-shaped cavity within the floor or on the floor of a planet or the moon. They’re sometimes attributable to an explosion or the influence of a meteorite or different celestial physique. Such an influence is typically known as a cratering occasion.
particles: Scattered fragments, sometimes of trash or of one thing that has been destroyed. House particles, for example, consists of the wreckage of defunct satellites and spacecraft.
earthquake: A sudden and typically violent shaking of the bottom, typically inflicting nice destruction, on account of actions inside Earth’s crust or of volcanic motion.
eruption: (in geoscience) The sudden bursting or spraying of sizzling materials from deep inside a planet or moon and out by way of its floor. Volcanic eruptions on Earth normally ship sizzling lava, sizzling gases or ash into the air and throughout surrounding land. In colder elements of the photo voltaic system, eruptions usually contain liquid water spraying out by way of cracks in an icy crust. This occurs on Enceladus, a moon of Saturn that’s coated in ice.
frequency: The variety of occasions some periodic phenomenon happens inside a specified time interval. (In physics) The variety of wavelengths that happens over a selected interval of time.
geological: Adjective to explain issues associated to Earth’s bodily construction and substance, its historical past and the processes that act on it. Individuals who work on this discipline are generally known as geologists.
geoscience: Any of various sciences, like geology or atmospheric science, involved with higher understanding Earth. Individuals who work on this discipline are generally known as geoscientists.
groundwater: Water that’s held underground within the soil or in pores and crevices in rock.
infrasound: Sound waves with frequencies under the decrease restrict of human listening to.
hyperlink: A connection between two folks or issues.
magma: The molten rock that resides beneath Earth’s crust. When it erupts from a volcano, this materials is known as lava.
magnitude: (in geology) A quantity used to explain the relative measurement of an earthquake. It runs from 1 to greater than 8 and is calculated by the height floor movement as recorded by seismographs. There are a number of magnitude scales. One of many extra generally used ones at present is called the second magnitude. It’s based mostly on the dimensions of a fault (crack in Earth’s crust), how a lot the fault slips (strikes) throughout a quake, and the power pressure that was required to allow that motion. For every improve in magnitude, an earthquake produces 10 occasions extra floor movement and releases about 32 occasions extra power. For perspective, a magnitude 8 quake can launch power equal to detonating 6 million tons of TNT. (in astronomy) A measure of a star brightness.
mechanism: The steps or course of by which one thing occurs or “works.” It might be the spring that pops one thing from one gap into one other. It might be the squeezing of the guts muscle that pumps blood all through the physique. It might be the friction (with the highway and air) that slows down the velocity of a coasting automotive. Researchers usually search for the mechanism behind actions and reactions to grasp how one thing capabilities.
mitigate: (n or adj. mitigation) To take motion or establish options that will make one thing much less excessive, painful or disruptive.
molten: A phrase describing one thing that’s melted, such because the liquid rock that makes up lava.
community: A bunch of interconnected folks or issues. (v.) The act of connecting with different individuals who work in a given space or do related factor (similar to artists, enterprise leaders or medical-support teams), usually by going to gatherings the place such folks can be anticipated, after which chatting them up. (n. networking)
novel: One thing that’s intelligent or uncommon and new, as in by no means seen earlier than. (in literature) A piece of fiction.
phenomenon: One thing that’s stunning or uncommon.
plume: (in geology) Fluids (air, water or magma sometimes) that transfer, largely intact, in a feather-like form over lengthy distances.
stress: Pressure utilized uniformly over a floor, measured as pressure per unit of space.
threat: The prospect or mathematical chance that some unhealthy factor would possibly occur. As an illustration, publicity to radiation poses a threat of most cancers. Or the hazard — or peril — itself. (As an illustration: Amongst most cancers dangers that the folks confronted have been radiation and consuming water tainted with arsenic.)
rocket: One thing propelled into the air or by way of house, typically as a weapon of warfare. A rocket normally is lofted by the discharge of exhaust gases as some gasoline burns. (v.) One thing that flings into house at excessive velocity as if fueled by combustion.
situation: A doable (or possible) sequence of occasions and the way they may play out.
seismometer: (often known as a seismograph) An instrument that detects and measures tremors (generally known as seismic waves) as they go by way of Earth.
sequence: The exact order of associated issues inside some sequence.
slope: (in geology) The steeply pitched facet of a cliff, hill or mountain. (in arithmetic) The diploma to which some line rises or falls from a strictly horizontal course. A line that seems to rise because it strikes to the appropriate has a optimistic slope. One which seems to fall as runs to the appropriate has a unfavorable slope. Vertical strains have neither. Their slope is described as undefined.
sound wave: A wave that transmits sound. Sound waves have alternating swaths of excessive and low stress.
pressure: (in physics) The forces or stresses that search to twist or in any other case deform a inflexible or semi-rigid object.
subsidence: A downward movement. In geology, subsidence is the downward movement of Earth’s floor. Many coastal areas are subsiding , particularly the place groundwater has been pumped out from beneath the floor.
delicate: Adjective for one thing that could be essential, however might be arduous to see or describe. As an illustration, the primary mobile modifications that sign the beginning of a most cancers could also be solely subtly totally different — as in small and arduous to tell apart from close by wholesome tissues.
summit: (in geology) The uppermost a part of a mountain or hill, or (verb) the act of climbing and reaching that uppermost level. (in public coverage) A gathering between officers of some group or governments, usually with the purpose of negotiating new guidelines, insurance policies or treaties.
U.S. Geological Survey: (or USGS) That is the most important nonmilitary U.S. company charged with mapping water, Earth and organic sources. It collects info to assist monitor the well being of ecosystems, pure sources and pure hazards. It additionally research the impacts of local weather and land-use modifications. Part of the U.S. Division of the Inside, USGS is headquartered in Reston, Va.
distinctive: One thing that’s not like the rest; the one one in every of its sort.
vent: (n.) A gap by way of which gases or liquids can escape. (v.) To free gases or liquids that had been beneath stress. The time period may also be used to launch sturdy, pent-up feelings, similar to anger.
volcano: A spot on Earth’s crust that opens, permitting magma and gases to spew out from underground reservoirs of molten materials. The magma rises by way of a system of pipes or channels, typically spending time in chambers the place it bubbles with fuel and undergoes chemical transformations. This plumbing system can change into extra advanced over time. This can lead to a change, over time, to the chemical composition of the lava as effectively. The floor round a volcano’s opening can develop right into a mound or cone form as successive eruptions ship extra lava onto the floor, the place it cools into arduous rock.
volcanologist: A scientist who works on the science of volcanoes.